Fig. 7. Working model of visfatin-induced monocyte adhesion. Visfatin stimulates p38 phosphorylation to further activate the PI3K/Akt signaling, NADPH oxidase activity and ROS generation. Increase of IKK phosphorylation by ROS further phosphorylates IκB to cause NF-κB translocation into the nucleus, leading to the transcription of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 and resulting in monocyte adhesion.